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The Arthurian Legend
King Arthur, the Knights ofthe Round Table, Camelot, and the Excalibur
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What is a medieval romance?
What are the main themes of the romance in Middle Ages?
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The legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table is the most powerful and enduring in the western world. King Arthur, Guinevere, and Sir Lancelot did not really exist, but their names conjure up a romantic image of gallant knights in shining armour, elegant ladies in medieval castles, heroic quest for the Holy Grail in a world of honour and romance, and the court of Camelot at the centre of a royal and mystical Britain.
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Arthur’s Family
Father: Uther Pendragon (King of Britain).
Mother: Igraine (Eigr <Welsh>) (wife of Duke Gorlois of Cornwall).
When Uther fell in love with Gorlois' wife, Igraine, Merlin helped the king, by transforming Uther to resemble Gorlois. When Gorlois died, Uther married Igraine, but she was already pregnant.
Arthur had a sister named Gwyar, who was the mother of Gwalchmai or Gwalchmei, and of Gwalhaved. Gwalchmai was better known in English and French legend as Gawain or Gauvain.
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The castle had been a Celtic stronghold before becoming home to Earl of Cornwall
The legend says this is the birthplace of Arthur
Tintagel
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Tintagel
Merlin’s Cave
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Mythological Figures
Lady of the Lake:
A misty, supernatural figure endowed with magic powers, who gave the sword Excalibur to King Arthur. She inhabited a castle in an underwater kingdom. According to one legend she kidnapped the infant Launcelot and brought him to her castle where he lived until manhood. She has been identified variously with Morgan le Fay and Vivien. The poem The Lady of the Lake, by Sir Walter Scott, is based on a totally different legend.
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Merlin:
Magician, seer, and teacher at the court of King Vortigern and later at the court of King Arthur. He was a bard and culture hero in early Celtic folklore. In Arthurian legend he is famous as a magician and as the counselor of King Arthur.
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Sir Lancelot:
The bravest and most celebrated knight at the court of King Arthur. He was kidnapped as an infant by the mysterious Lady of the Lake, from whom he received his education and took his title, Launcelot of the Lake. As a young man he went to the court of King Arthur, where he was knighted and became one of the most feared warriors. Lancelot was the lover of Guinevere, his sovereign’s queen.
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Guinevere:
She is the wife of King Arthur. Her tragic love for Sir Launcelot, which foreshadowed the downfall of Arthur’s kingdom, ends with her retirement to a convert. Sha also figures in several early romances and Celtic legends, her name appearing in various forms (Guanhamara, Gvenour…). In different versions of the Arthurian story her name appears as Guenevere and Guinever.
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Round Table: According to one version it was given to Arthur as a wedding gift by his father-in-law. A round table of undetermined antiquity hangs now in the castle at Winchester. Tradicionally King Arthur’s, it may be a relic of one of the medieval jousts also called round tables.
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The most popular origin of the table first appears in Robert de There is no ‘head of the table’ at a round table, and so no one person is at a privileged position. Thus the knights were all peers and there was no ‘leader’ as there were at so many other medieval tables.
Round Tables were an aristocratic activity throughout Europe from the 13th century in to the 15th century.
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In Christian mythology, the Holy Grail was the dish, plate, cup or vessel that caught Jesus' blood during his crucifixion (распятие на кресте). It was said to have the power to heal all wounds. In this case, the Grail is not an expensive, golden goblet, but a simple dish, made of wood.
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But there are other opinions, for instance that the San Grail is a kind of stone, maybe the Philosopher’s Stone, or a piece of the Decalogue .
People who drink out of the Grail, will be immortal.
Scientists say, the word San Grail comes from the Sang Raal. It means Holy Blood. It refers to Jesus and his descendants.
At the Court of King Arthur, however, it was prophesied (предсказано) that the Grail would one day be rediscovered by a descendant of St. Joseph: the best knight in the land.
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Camelot is the most famous fictional castle and court associated with the legendary King Arthur. Later romance depicts it as the fantastic capital of Arthur’s realm, from which he fought many of the battles and quests that made up his life. Camelot as a place is associated with ideals like justice, bravery and truth, all the virtues Arthur and his knights embodiment in the romances. As it is absent from the early material, and its location, if it even existed, is unknown. Thus most modern academic scholars regard it as being entirely fictional.
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Excalibur
Arthur, reigning in his court at Camelot, proved to be a noble king and a mighty warrior. He was the possessor of the miraculous sword Excalibur, given to him by the mysterious Lady of the Lake.
At Arthur’s death Sir Bedivere threw Excalibur into the lake, a hand rose from the water, caught the sword, and disappeared.
Another sword, sometimes mistakenly identified with Excalibur, was drawn from a stone by Arthur to prove his royality.
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Of Arthur’s several enemies, the most treacherous were his sister Morgan le Fay and his nephew Mordred. Morgan le Fay was usually represented as an evil sorceress, scheming to win Arthur’s throne for herself and her lover. Mordred was variously Arthur’s nephew or his son by his sister Morgawse. He seized Arthur’s throne during the king’s absence. Later he was slain in battle by Arthur, but not before he had fatally wounded the king. Arthur was borne away to the isle of Avalon. Where it was expected that ho would be healed of his wounds and that he would someday return to his people.
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Avalon:
In the Celtic mythology, the blissful otherworld of the dead. In medieval romance it was the island to which the mortally wounded King Arthur was taken, and from which it was expected he would someday return.
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There were stories that even King Henry III himself had ordered the exhumation
„the body at least sixteen feet beneath the earth, not in a tomb of stone but in a hollow oak” the reason: it might never be discovered by the saxons”
Arthur’s tomb at Glastonbury (?)
His Grave
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MERLIN
THE EXCALIBUR
Arthur and Guinevere’s wedding
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Презентация по литературе Великобритании на тему "Развитие английского романса. Полная версия романсов о Короле Артуре «Смерть Артура" . Рассчитана на учащихся 10-11 классов для школ с углубленным изучением английского языка, а также лицеев, гимназий и высших учебных учреждений. В презентации наиболее ярко и полно раскрывается образ короля Артура, дается литературный анализ отрывка из самого произведения, краткая характеристика популярных жанров времени Средневековья.
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